The East African Economic Integration: Choice or necessity?

According to the Africa Regional Integration Index (ARII) Report in 2016; out of all the Regional Economic Communities, the report cites the East African Community as the most integrated region. There are plans for EAC to play non-economic sphere within the region as well, this was obvious in the case of regional stability, since all the member states face political difficulties; except Tanzania. Some objectives of the EAC are to improve and strengthen cooperation on the basis of historical ties, mutual interest and understanding between its members.

“One People, One Destiny” – so goes the East African Community slogan, which was re-established in 2001. Designed to the coming together, and creating an economic trading block with the aim of removing tariff and non-tariff barriers to free flow of goods, services and factors of production among each other.

A matter of choice or necessity!

The integration priorities based on various sectors, such as transport, communications, trade and industry, immigration, security and the promotion of investments in the region.

According to Mubiru Salim, customs business process expert at Uganda Revenue Authority; it is traced in the 1897 with the construction of the Kenya – Uganda Railways; whereby at that time it was necessary to open up East Africa inter-land to the rest of the world by the railway connection to the Port of Mombasa. Throughout history such ‘necessity’ integration initiatives have been undertaken. However in the 1970’s the integration collapsed when Partner States decided to adopt individual trade policies as opposed to the integration approach.

Salim explains that in the recent history; countries like Tanzania and Burundi did not participate in the fast tracking of the integration through the Single Customs Territory (SCT) initiative out of choice, however, owing to the competitive advantage gained by the participating countries (Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania); the rest of the Partner States joined the integration process.

“The East African Economic integration from a historical perspective has been both a choice and also necessity.” Salim stressed.

​As long as experts often cannot agree on what already happened or even “what works” in Africa; some experts and Pan-Africanists could still credibly argue that the East African economic integration is a necessity.

1. Adoum Goc, a former officer of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States (CEMAC) in Chad; told Africa News Agency that Africa was divided into small countries and regional blocs during the colonization. However, some Pan-African leaders have immediately realized after the independence that Africa should forget theoretical schemes of the pan-African type, such as the neo-colonial type (a customs union) or a United States of Africa. And accordingly; in the mid-1960s there was a proposition that Africa should be divided into economic regions, due to the poor record of regional economic integration, replacing them with more cost-effective and productive models of integration through logical projects – adopting priority sectors for development; like agriculture, industry, power, transportation, and training.

“The East African economic integration is a necessity rather than a choice.” Goc said.

It often seems like the EAC economic Integration can be a model for other African regions.

“Currently South Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have requested to join the East African Community; and other regional blocks have bench marked on the EAC Model, so it’s clear that the EAC can be a model.” Salim said.

Economic integration without proceeding political integration

The EAC is one of eight regional economic communities recognized by the African Union (AU). The establishment of economic communities in Africa is an intrinsic factor of economic, social and political stability across the continent; because it provides a framework to develop the capacity of states and to settle conflicts.

Many observers believe that the EAC is the only community that has a vision of political federation. In the treaty establishing the EAC, the Partner States decided to expand and intensify their economic, political, social and cultural integration.

Goc argues that there’s a huge contention among African leaders when it comes to the process of political integration, however, economic integration as well as functional co-operation will necessarily be an important policy that will automatically lead to the proceeding of political integration in the continent.

“At the governments’ level – the process is under way for the integration of the Revenue Authorities, and other government agencies like Bureau of Standards, Drug Regulatory Authorities, Ports Authorities, and even security agencies.” Salim said.

“I think the East African community is more effective and successful than other regional communities in Africa, because the east African political leaders seem to be more serious compared to others.” Goc said.

There are numerous factors that play increasingly important role in the east African economic integration. Some observers seem to believe that the African Diaspora has played a pivotal role in the contributions to Africa’s development.

Salim said that the Diaspora constitutes a formidable part of the business community of the EAC, and they – (the Diaspora constitutes) – greatly contribute to the balance of trade for the Partner States through the huge foreign Exchanges they remit back home.

“Definitely that the Diaspora can be an active part of the Integration process.” He stressed.

It seems to be obvious now that there are number of priorities that can bring integration among the African nations better than purely political integrations. However, that requires specialized institutions and organizations connected to each other and cross-homelands for a long-term perspective.

Rapid economic growth has completely transformed Chinese society in just a few decades. Over the past years, there have been surges in urbanization, consumer spending, and average household income. Promising economic opportunities were presented throughout the country and abject poverty began to decline. Industrialization was met with urbanization, and millions left for the cities to seek work and greater opportunities. Several individuals and families accrued tremendous amounts of wealth since the liberalization of the markets.

After Mao’s revolution, Chinese society had been a largely considered an agricultural society attempting to transition into a Marxist state, and this meant that the overwhelming majority of the population still lived in rural areas.

Just over 981 million people were living in China in 1980. This expanded to over 1.3 billion people in 2011. Over the years, more and more people began to move to the cities as a growing number of economic opportunities were presented. In 1980, slightly under 20% of the population lived in urban areas. This percentage began to rise as the country moved into the 21^st century. The year 2011 marked a dramatic shift: for the first time in China’s history, more people lived in urban areas as opposed to rural.

It is no surprise that China has lifted nearly 800 million people out of poverty, and established a middle class of roughly 300 million people. China saw a spike in average household income from 1995-2013, as the average annual household income of a little under 4,300 yuan in 1995 grew sevenfold in 2013.

This increase in income has meant consumers have been able to spend more over the years. In 1952, Chinese consumer spending was an unimposing 453 yuan, a record low. In 2015 Chinese consumer spending reached its highest point yet, at nearly 264,760 yuan, while averaging over 36,000 yuan from 1952 to 2015.

The average Chinese citizens are not the only ones getting wealthier. Numerous millionaires and billionaires have risen over the past decades. In 2015, China had over 3.5 million millionaires, roughly half the number of millionaires in the United States. This may not seem like a  competitive figure on the part of the Chinese, but the astounding fact is that the country saw two million millionaires joining the list in the year 2014 alone. Furthermore, China has over 200 billionaires, some of the more notable of whom include ecommerce tycoon Jack Ma, and real estate magnate Wang Jianlin.

More wealth has meant that Chinese students have had increased financial ability to study abroad, especially in North America. In Canada, Australia and the United States, Chinese students comprise of over 30% of the international student population. The figure below depicts the approximate percentage that Chinese students compose of the international student population in four countries. Moreover, as a result of greater wealth accumulation, Chinese investment overseas has increased. Chinese investors have bought property in Canada, and have gone on to become the largest group of investors in Canadian real estate. In 2016, Chinese investors bought $1.3 billion dollars of Canadian real estate. This was a staggering increase compared to the $309 million spent in 2015. This increased investment has become the cause of concern for many Canadians, particularly because of the skyrocketing residential property prices.

In other areas, such as fashion, designer names have become increasingly popular, especially among the wealthy. The biggest names from major European fashion houses, namely Italian and French brands, have taken Chinese malls by storm. Additionally, luxury automobiles have popped up all over China and very exclusive clubs, discos and bars for the wealthy have also been established. Some of these clubs have ridiculous requirements, such as ownership of a specific supercar. Another notable difference in China is the number of skyscrapers. Just a few decades ago, the idea of the proliferation of these megastructures was inconceivable. Today, these daunting structures can be found in nearly every corner of the country, and in especially high concentrations in major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. With all these major changes, it is evident that China has drastically evolved. In the decades to come, we can assume that their development with be just as expeditious.

OBOR : It is well- known fact both the immediate neighbouring countries of Nepal; China and India have a tremendous security concern in Nepal, it might be because of the geopolitical situation of Nepal or any hideous factors. Even though Nepal wholeheartedly has put its efficiency to keep up security issues, like, “One China Policy” of China and other kinds of security concern raised by India. However, it is undeniable fact that, China in her latent consciousness with a blanket covered sentiments opines Nepal for not being able to address issues like free Tibet moment and other issues categorically. Understanding of India is not very different from China when it comes to its security concerns in Nepal.

The linchpin of Chinese Foreign Policy : the “One Belt Road”

China’s vision of connectivity through the “One Belt One Road” also considered as the linchpin of Chinese foreign policy. With 68 countries part of it, which means 65% of humanities, will be under this project. Successions of this particular Chinese policy of Belt and Road initiative definitely will justify China’s ubiquitous in world politics. But the big apprehension arises that, will this policy, only welcomes the infrastructural development and technological advancement in the region? I highly presume there might be equal chances of destabilisation of the region too (especially relation between Nepal, China and India) so that China won’t be able to ignite its goal for achieving the target of surpassing the America while retaining its once lost position in both political and economic fronts in a global sphere.

One Belt One Road

Economy and security are mutually exclusive to each other they go hand in hand. When OBOR is highly speculated to be the regime changer, certainly, there may occur the security dysfunctional status. With the occurrence of this incident this might  exterminate the locus of present political attributes resulting in the regional security disorder. This can have a direct impact on Nepal. When India is not willing to be enrolling in OBOR initiatives, even has boycotted the summit held last month in Beijing. Nepal in between these two giant countries definitely is of strategic importance. Now this position will be getting an even hyper state. Needless to explain, Nepal is a fragile and security daunting state, we might not be in a position to protect ourselves if in the condition the security instability occurs.

The Pacific Ocean Factor

The Atlantic Ocean carried out more of the trade during the 19th century; however, the Pacific Ocean, dominated, the 20th century.The 21st century is highly regarded as the Indian Ocean century. To sustain its dominance in the Indian Ocean, India has shown greater reluctant to join the OBOR project, which they consider, can tilt more towards China if integrated into the project extended by China.  China is only half-independent of self for the natural gases necessary in the country.

The rest of it depends on the export mostly from the Gulf countries. A chunk of which comes to China via the Malacca Strait to the Indian Ocean than in the South China Sea. As we all know Malacca Strait and the Indian Ocean is heavily dominated by Indian along with other influential countries namely America. That is the reason the involvement of India has remained crucial and at a time pivotal for the China initiated OBOR.

The exogenous influence in Nepali politics is in exorbitant. Stability of Nepal is an outcry for their interest. The mushrooming INGOs and NGOs here in Nepal are believed to be funded by those external forces that are often said to have an influential position in policymaking. In such an ambiguous scenario, a big question arises here; will those forces easily pave the way for the stability in Nepal? It has been believed that with OBOR, Nepal shall be introduced to the new fortune, with the economic prosperity, where China is likely to be the next hegemon toppling America.

America’s massive support

America is unable to admit that it will become no. 2 to China in the near future. It might spout any harsh decision to retain its place in world politics. With Donald Trump in White House, anything unusual is highly possible. Nevertheless, confrontation with China might not be the first choice but engaging China in her neighbouring state is likely. As done to contain the Soviet Union and only powerful country during the cold war period who could counter America in every possible prospect. Apart from other differences, the American government deployment of mujaheddin forces in Afghanistan was to overthrow Soviet  presence in the region who otherwise could have sustained America in economic aspects, during those hasty cold war days, besides the arms and ammunition.

The US landed massive support to the mujaheddin in Afghanistan in trying to stop the Soviet Union from gaming the influence in that area. But in the intoxication of weakening the Soviet Union, the only world power that has opposed America since the end of World War II. America paid for and persuaded Afghans and Muslims from other parts of the Muslim World, to fight a religious war. America capitalised on this sentiment and helped train and arm Afghan mujaheddin.

Afghanistan is adjacent to Middle Eastern countries that are rich in oil and natural gas. Though Afghanistan may have little petroleum in itself, it borders both Iran and Turkmenistan, countries with the second and fourth largest natural gas reserves in the world. Afghanistan is a strategic piece of real estate in the geopolitical struggle for power and dominance in the region.

Afghanistan a landlocked country like Nepal and has remained at the centre stage of International Politics as a theatre in the cold war games of super powers with Pakistan acting as the frontline state of the USA for channelling its financial material and military supplies to the Afghan mujaheddin. Afghanistan has assumed importance due to its potential to influence the societies and politics in its bordering countries.

With the growing influence of China in global politics, many countries may find the Tibetan issue trivial. We can bet our bottom dollar, America, definitely will do anything to cling to the power. Tibetan issue could be one among the favourite. America along with the help of India once already had tried to manipulate the Tibetan issue in 1970s so that it easily could dominate China from growing huge. The Khampa Revolution was the name of the moment. As did with the mujaheddin in Afghanistan, America had tried to dismantle the Chinese with the help of Tibetan Arm forces. Mustang the upper hill part of Nepal was trying to be making as an apparatus of the foreplay for Khampa Revolution.

On April 17, 1978, the then Prime Minister of India, Morarji Desai, confessed in the lower house of the Indian Parliament, Loksabha, that India and the United States of America had collaborated at the highest political level in covert operations aimed at challenging the authority and territorial integrity of China. The announcement not only shocked the Indian parliamentarians but the entire world. In addition to the damage caused to the revered memory of Jawaharlal Nehru, this also exposed the degree of U.S. involvement in South Asia (Dhar Anuj,2009, CIA’s Eye in South Asia)

Over the course of the past 60 years, the US regularly budgeted money to support a number of Tibetans related projects in India and Nepal. This money doesn’t go directly to the Dalai Lama and is instead dispersed to various organisations that represent health and educational opportunities for Tibetan in India and Nepal, and preservation of the Tibetan culture and economic building to name a few. In 2015   the US budgeted $3 million, whereas in 2016 they doubled that to $6 million. (foreignassistance.gov). Though it is also being said that in the recent Trump administration has denied aiding Tibet (The Times of India, May,27,2017).

However, an article on the office of a Tibetan website of 2016: The Congressional budget appropriation bill states ” Of the funds appropriated by this under the heading Economic Support Fund not less than $6,000,000 shall be made available for programs to promote and preserve Tibetan culture, development and the resilience of Tibetan Communities in India and Nepal. Moreover, assist in the education and development of the next generation of Tibetan leaders from such communities. Such American support for Tibetan is not to gear the Tibet gain its freedom from China, but to gain intelligence on China.

A centre named after the American President is an active organisation in Nepal. During the first constituent assembly held in 2008, he was in Nepal to supervise the fair play of election. On his visit, he was reported to be found in Buddha; local area of Kathmandu, where Tibetan refugees have settled. According to the intelligence report, he was found supplying the weapon for free Tibet moment.

To cut the matter short, with the implementation of OBOR, Nepal will be delimiting itself with the only Indian reach in International trade from the sea route. Eventually, these could leverage Nepal in many prospects. However, we should also equally be accountable with the security challenges that might occur in connection to dismantle the Chinese initiated OBOR by her foe with Tibetan issues in high concern. Security challenges in Nepal ultimately will hamper the stability of both China and India in total.

References

Giustozzi, Antonio. 1978-1992, War, Politics, and Society in Afghanistan, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Hauner, Milan. 1991,The Soviet War in Afghanistan: Patterns of Russian Imperialism. Lanham: University Press of America..

Hilali, A.Z..2003, “The Soviet Decision-Making for Intervention in Afghanistan and its Motives.” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies.

Dhar Anuj, 2009,CIA’s Eye in South Asia, Manas Publication

Adhikari, Pushpa. 2010. Ties That Bind – An Account Of Nepal-China Relations. Kathmandu: Sangam Institute

Ranade, Jayadeva. 2013. China Unveiled: Insights Into Chinese Strategic Thinking. New Delhi Knowledge World.

Singh, Swaran. 2003. China-South Asia: Issues, Equations, Policies . New Delhi: Lancers Books.

The grandeur, Asian Civilization shared cannot be found else. From Mesopotamia, Indus Valley to Chinese Civilization the incense they shared was immense.  China and India still were praised for their economic manoeuvres in the past.  It is an agreed fact at some point in time Asia alone used to share the 55% of world GDP. Still, it has been the largest and most enduring civilizations in human history. Discovery of America by Columbus, while he was in search of India, shows how zealous westerners were towards the Asia, then.

The Chinese Factor 

As a matter of rapid and consistent economy growth for last three decades, China has intrigued itself in all the possible spheres of the world, from Africa to South America, North America to Europe and even in diverse part of Asia. The presences of China have become inevitable. The non-string attached policy of China has become the key factor which lures the world for its involvement in development one way or the other. Though America often accuses China of being a “money manipulator” and “free rider” of world politics, America itself is not aloof from the Chinese involvement in their socio-economic development. This emphasizes the American supremacy is burningly cocooned by the Chinese presence in international affairs.

Despite affinity with the outer world, they do have some basic goal within their country as well. The communist party aims to lift all Chinese people out of poverty by 2021. It is said that still, 70 million Chinese people are living below the poverty line. This achievement would strengthen the legitimacy of its one-party rule. Along with this, they aim to build a modern socialist country. This is widely interpreted as regaining the great power status China enjoyed before it became a virtual colony of foreign powers following the first Opium War in the mid 19th century.

The Rise of Europe

With the rise of Europe at the epicenter of world politics the splendid story embroiled in the Asian era started to evaporate. Asia once the fulcrum of world politics and economics started to defoliate to the least it ever could. However, with all those difficulties, humiliation and intimidation of Westerner’s basically during the entire period of colonialism, Asia once again have reverberated to the position from where it could re-arrange the order of the world and redefine its subjugated position in world politics for the last three centuries. 

China and India respectively, are the first and third largest economy in the world at present. To mention the Asian economy in term of purchasing power parity (PPP) China, India and Japan are at driving seat while in term of nominal gross domestic product (GDP) China is in leading position whereas India and Japan alter each other. This project if came together these Asian powers can dominate the entire world positively to reshape the world in every possible manner.

However, it is easy to be said then to be done. Years long dispute between China, Japan and India, hurdles Asia to incorporate for common goods which could be achieved if United. America consciously is using the “conspiracy theory” in between these countries basically India and Japan so that it should not lose its legacy very soon. Coming together of these countries will be against the will of America so it seems like fueling to extend for the entrenchment between them and cling to the power as much as it possibly can.

China-Japan dispute

There is some serious dispute between China and Japan. Japan is making claim to a string of uninhabited island “Senkaku Islands” which is claimed by China as well, which they call” Diaoyo Island”. This inflammatory mileage has created animosity between these two countries. However, the story of animosity is more extended by “The Rape of Nanking”. In 1937 Imperialist Japan, which was distinct than the Japan today, had invaded China and captured the then Capital of China -Nanking. While evading, Japanese army committed ample of heinous war crimes. They raped approximately 20,000 women including infants and the elderly. This incident has put extra strain on the already dysfunctional relations. Japan not very interested in the Asian  Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), and One Belt One Road Initiative forged by China, depicts the fact that these two countries are not ready to put their legs in the same shoe anytime soon. From the other perspective, Japan might have concluded that soaking with China might be a dismantling move for the Asian Development Bank lead by them which implies disgruntling from their legacy in the region.

Similarly, China is unlikely to build a positive rapport with India. It does not seem they have developed any theoretical posture for the coming years in order to untangled refuted relationship. With 1962 Sino-Indio war to present the grunting relations has not risen above the sea level.  As soon as the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, claimed Tibet in 1951 which China believes to be its autonomous region.  India becomes more skeptical towards the China. Praised slogan “Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai” got faded with the passing of time. Though then Indian Prime Minister Rajeev Gandi tried to reverberate the stalemate relationship between China-India visits China in 1988 and giving an official statement Tibet as an integral part of China, however, this couldn’t yield any fruits.

Like as Japan, China also has got a land dispute with India. Arunachal Pradesh claimed as their integral part by India is called Tawang by Chinese. Tawang known as the pearl of South Tibet is a holy land to Tibetan (Global Times, 13.4.2017) is another disputed issue between China and India. According to the Chinese, the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso was born in Tawang and thereafter the region has been considered as a sacred place by Tibetean.

The Pakistani Friendship

All weather friendship between China-Pakistan and China building Gwadar port in Baluchistan of Pakistan will not lead towards the converging relationship between these two Asian giants. Meanwhile, India providing a political asylum to the fledged Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama 14th in Dharmashala has displeased China. Amid this, China’s denial for India to be the member of the nuclear supplier group last year has engulfed their relationship. Though being the foundation member of AIIB, India is reluctant to accept the OBOR initiative, which indeed is a subject of worrisome for China.

Indian policymakers are convinced that US capital, technology and goodwill are essential to continue its rise as a global power. The United States will remain one of India’s largest export destinations, the key to International Financial Institutions such as the World Bank. The Indian diaspora composed largely of highly skilled professionals will remain a key element in deepening US-Indian ties. The Indian market for US goods will grow substantially as New Delhi reduces restrictions on trade and investment.

Japan and India are the strategic partners of America. America, along with the assistance of both Japan and India Asian powerhouses apart from China, is heavily paving the way to encircle China. In this “Law of Jungle”, America is ready to use all the possible measures to stop China becoming the ultimate power of the world. While India and Japan are more concerned about the regional dominance which might not be possible with adjacent China.

To cut the matter short with all this political, economical, cultural along with conventional and unconventional security issues with some of other Asian giants, it won’t be unwise to tell China alone is unlikely to sustain the Asian century without the backing up of other countries like India and Japan. Being the influential in the region and at the same time in world politics how China maintains the relationship with its other emerging vicinity states and influence them for the common betterment shall be the fulcrum to the Asian century.

2018 is fast approaching, and as we look ahead to new challenges and goals, we also must start planning the trips and adventures to come. 2017 will be a year of great political and social change for many countries, and it will celebrate landmark anniversaries for several others, marking important steps forward on the one hand, while remembering and honouring the past on the other. There will be both great festivities and trying challenges on all corners of our globe, all met enthusiastically by passionate visitors and welcoming locals alike, and we can’t wait to watch as it all unfolds. These are Young Diplomats best picks for the best countries to visit in 2017.

This article was previously written and published by the excellent : “Arrival Guides”. Young Diplomats slightly edited it.

1. Croatia 

Croatia’s momentum as one of the world’s top vacation destinations shows no signs of slowing down. With a burgeoning infrastructure and more flight connections than ever since its inclusion in the EU in 2013, it has never been easier to visit. Croatia combines astounding natural beauty – in the form of towering mountains and crystalline water along the rocky Adriatic coast – with rich cultural and historical heritage in cities like Dubrovnik, Split and the capital, Zagreb. Add to that the wide selection of water sports and outdoor activities (from sailing and scuba diving to mountain biking and rock climbing), a surging festival scene and exciting and innovative cuisine, and it’s not hard to see why Croatia was the most Googled travel destination of 2016.

2. Cuba

No one can say they didn’t see it coming, but now that it’s happening, we can hardly believe it. Normalising relations with the United States, the lifting of a 54-year embargo, and just recently, the death of long-time leader and the shaper of the country’s modern history, Fidel Castro, all mean that things are finally changing in Cuba, and it would be naïve to think that they won’t change fast. There is still time to experience the time-warp that is a trip to Cuba, a journey into a postcard world of classic Chevy’s, dilapidated colonial buildings, socialist propaganda and prodigious musical flair, a place unlike any other in our times. Already some changes have come about that allow visitors to interact more closely with locals than ever before, staying at family guesthouses, eating in private kitchens and shopping at local galleries and workshops. A long-standing cultural powerhouse on the Latin American level, Cuba is ready for a larger audience, and 2017 will be the year it explodes onto the world stage.

3. Canada

Canada is turning 150 next year, and they’re in the mood to celebrate. 2017 promises to be a year-long party, with festivities taking place nation-wide in the form of festivals and events. The country’s famously livable and dynamic cities, like Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal, will be packed with excitement year-round, but the centre of attention will be the capital of Ottawa, which will host such diverse and thrilling events as an interprovincial picnic on a bridge, a much-anticipated music festival, and La Machine, a street theatre extravaganza featuring giant robots. Nature lovers rejoice, as for the entirety of 2017 all of Canada’s national parks will be free of charge for all visitors, making this year the absolute best time to explore the country’s great outdoors. Most travelers will understandably head for Banff National Park, a place of unreal beauty with rocky precipices, evergreen forests and translucent turquoise lakes, but it would be a mistake to neglect the island-dotted waterscapes of the Thousand Islands National Park or the rugged wonder of Nahanni National Park Reserve, to name but a few. There really has been no better time than this to visit the world’s second largest country.

4. Colombia

Years at the negotiating table have finally paid off, as a peace treaty has just been signed which has brought to an end over half a century of civil war. The dangers once associated with Colombia from drug traffic and armed conflict are a thing of the past, and though tourism in the country has long been on the rise among travelers in-the-know, this historic treaty will usher in a new era in travel to this South American gem. From Cartagena’s beautifully preserved colonial centre, to the thriving arts scene in innovative Medellín, to the musical capital of Cali, to the cosmopolitanism of the mountain-top behemoth that is the capital of Bogotá, Colombia’s cities are thriving. The country also boasts some of the continent’s most breathtaking natural beauty – which astounds as much for its beauty as for its diversity – in the form of towering snow-capped mountains in the Andes, scorching deserts in Guajira and Tatacoa, lush Amazonian rainforest, immaculate beaches on both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, and the list goes on. Not least, the famously friendly and hospitable population is hungry to show off a different side of their country than that seen on the news for decades. And all of this barely begins to scratch the surface of why Colombia will be one of the most exciting and welcoming places to visit in 2017.

5. Nepal 

This has been a difficult year for the Nepalese. After the catastrophic earthquake that struck the country in 2015, killing thousands and destroying hundreds of thousands of homes, as well as historical sights and vital infrastructure, 2016 was a year of hardship and rebuilding. The good news is that their efforts have not been in vain. Nepal is getting back on its feet, successfully reconstructing homes and roads and restoring important temples and monuments, and as a travel destination, the country has lost none of its appeal, none of its charm, and none of its magic. With unrivaled trekking and climbing in some of the world’s most stunning settings, vibrant and colourful cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara and Patan, and abundant historical and spiritual sights, there are few better places to explore next year. Keep in mind also that money well spent by travelers in Nepal is money that helps to rebuild and preserve the future of the country for locals and visitors alike.

8. Myanmar

Another country sure to experience profound changes next year, including a surge in tourism, is Myanmar, also known as Burma. After almost half a century of military rule, the National League for Democracy won a landslide election in late 2015 (the first democratic election since 1990, which result was overturned by the military), and as the country slowly opens up to the world after the dropping of numerous sanctions, it will soon be hailed as a traveler’s dream. Isolated for so long, Myanmar is a relic of a more traditional Asia, preserved in time and with little in the way of tourist infrastructure. But that will soon change, which makes your visit urgent if you wish to beat the crowds, to take a lazy river cruise, to meander through forests of pagodas, to appreciate the staggering ethnic diversity, and to engage with the country’s kind, curious and generous inhabitants before everyone else gets there. It can be a challenging place for travel, but also an especially rewarding one.

The former DKI Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahja Purnama, often called Ahok, was awarded the man of the year in 2014 by Globe Asia magazine. He has received overwhelmingly positive feedbacks in the world of international politics, and is often considered as the best governor Indonesia ever has. Ahok is known for his transparency, progressiveness, practicality, and anti-corruption attitude. However, due to surprising turn of events, Ahok is found guilty for violating blasphemy law, and therefore is currently incarcerated for two years. Here are the things you need to know regarding the event of Ahok’s incarceration.  This article will analyze the Rise of Islamic Radicalism in Indonesia through the case of Ahok.

1. The upload.

On the September 27^th of 2016, Ahok was holding a speech to introduce a new program in Kepulauan Seribu; an Island under the domain of DKI Jakarta. In his speech, he mentioned his previous political experiences in his hometown, Bangka, where his political opponents often cited Al-Quran into pursuing the people to not vote Ahok for being a Christian. The part of the Quran used as a weapon against Ahok is Al-Maidah 51 letter, which states that choosing non-muslim leader is prohibited. In his speech, Ahok stated that regardless of the election’s result, the program will be beneficial for the people and the people should not be fooled with Al-Maidah 51 letter. On October 6th 2016, an edited video of the speech was uploaded by someone named Buni Yani in his Facebook account. The video rephrased Ahok’s “do not be fooled with Al-Maidah 51 letter” into “do not be fooled by Al-Maidah 51 letter”. The technical difference is minor but the implication is extremely huge, because in the original speech Ahok was referring Al-Maidah 51 as a tool that is used by political figures to fool the people, while in the edited video it was giving implication as if Ahok is referring to Al-Maidah as something foolish by itself.

2. The demonstration.

The first massive demonstration which was held by around 100.000 people took place on November 4th 2016. This was the concrete start leading to Ahok’s incarceration. The demonstration was conducted by plenty of Islamic community organizations, albeit the two biggest Islamic organizations; Nahdhatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah did not recommend their members to participate in the demonstration. Prior to this demonstration, on November 3, the police (polri) had officially published in their Facebook timeline that the video uploaded by Buni Yani is an edited video and that there was no indication of offense by Ahok towards Islam. However, the demonstration still took place and there are plenty of speculations on how political the demonstration was instead of it being religious. Since then, there were multiple succeeding demonstrations conducted by the Islamic community organizations. One of the main players which helped drives the demonstrators was Habib Rizieq, the founder of Islamic Defense Front; a controversial Islamic group in Indonesia.

3. The election.

All of these incidents happened prior to the governor election day. In the election, Ahok was facing two other candidates; Anies Baswedan and Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono. In the first round, Ahok led the election with 42% of the votes while Agus was eliminated from the election with 17% of the vote. Because there was no candidate that received majority vote of 50% or more, a second round of vote was conducted. Ahok then faced trial at the court while campaigning for his election, in where he was held in court for approximately 9 hours almost everyday of the trial. At the second round of the election, Ahok lost to his opponent, Anies Baswedan, with the same vote as the first round; around 42% of the vote. However, it is worth noting that in Kepulauan Seribu, the place where Ahok was committing the blasphemy; a place where almost 100% of the population is Muslim, Ahok won the majority vote in both rounds. Immediately after his defeat, his prosecutor downgraded the charge to no jail time and 2 years of prohibition.

4. The sentence.

On May 9th, the juries convicted Ahok guilty of blasphemy and therefore is sentenced to two years of imprisonment. At first, Ahok was going to retaliated by filing for appeal, but after careful consideration he chose to submit and accept his incarceration. Buni Yani however, regardless of his status as a suspect, is still roaming around freely without verdict. Habib Rizieq is also persecuted for discrimination, hate speech law, and pornography law where he was found eliciting nude pictures from Firza Husein. Yet, Rizieq is currently Saudi Arabia refusing to go back to Indonesia, even seeking protection from UN in spite the fact that he did explicitly insult the UN in his provocations.

5. The 1998 foreshadows.

            In 1998, Indonesia faced a terrible tragedy. Following the economic crisis, Soeharto resigned as a president and his New Order government fell apart. Massive demonstrations were happening in all over the country, where ethnically native Indonesians target ethnically Chinese Indonesians, resulted in a damage of over 300 million USD, at minimum 168 reported cases of rape, and a thousand death. Up until today, the legal proceeding regarding the demonstration has not yet been concluded.  On February 2nd 1998, The New York Times released an article titled “Indonesia Turns Its Chinese Into Scapegoats”, in a descriptive attempt to foresee the 1998 riots. On May 12^th 2017, reuters and usnews released an article titled “Exclusive – Indonesian Islamist leader says ethnic Chinese wealth is next target”, where Bachtiar Nasir, leader of GNPF-MUI (of the organizations orchestrated demonstrations against Ahok), explicitly stated that the Chinese ethnics of Indonesia is to be blame for disparity that Indonesia suffers from. The similarity between the 1998 incident and the current rising intolerance incident is extremely uncanny.

6. The worldwide condemnation

            On the day of Ahok’s conviction, May 9th 2017, the hashtag #ahok made it into Twitter’s worldwide trending. The UN Human Rights Asia official Twitter account @OHCHRAsia tweeted “We are concerned by jail sentence for #Jakarta governor for alleged blasphemy against #Islam. We call #Indonesia to review blasphemy law.”, where the tweet got more than 8000 retweets. Dutch MP, Gert-Jan Seegers stated in his Twitter account that the outcome regarding Ahok’s conviction was “An injustice, A great injustice.” Charles Santiago, a Malaysian MP, also commented on the verdict saying that “Indonesia was thought to be a regional leader in terms of democracy and openness. This decision places that position in jeopardy and raises concerns about Indonesia’s future as an open, tolerant, diverse society.” Plenty of condemns explicitly stated by the global community was addressed towards the issue, and not just condemns, but also peaceful protests in the form of petition or even small demonstration. Indonesians alumni of Harvard University started a petition to release Ahok for prosecution had 60.000 a week before the verdict was passed. There was also the legendary floral tributes and candle demonstrations; peaceful demonstrations conducted inside the countries and even outside the countries by Indonesian diasporas. The whole incident is deemed to be very disappointing in the eyes of global society.

Qatar (a small Arab country) is located in western Asia. Qatar is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), with also The United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Kuwait. Qatar’s political economy has played an important role in politics and in economy of this region. All of these changes in politics and economics has lead them to have an independent foreign policy different from the GCC members.

What led to the “QatarGate”? 

Some observers has claim that it is related Al-Jazeera’s attack on GCC members particularly Al-Jazeera’s coverage on UAE about the relations of AE’s ambassador to the U.S.

Yousef Al-Otaiba with a pro-Israeli group, also remarks on the official Qatar News Agency attributed to the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, that expressed support for Iran, Hamas, Hezbollah, Qatar has reported that this remarks were false and did not know their origin because Qatar News Agency has hacked. As usual Russia has been accused for hacking, however The Guardian diplomatic editor Patrick Wintour reported that “It is believed that the Russian government was not involved in the hacks; instead, freelance hackers were paid to undertake the work on behalf of some other state or individual”.

 Some other observers are accusing the Qatari extremists of the region since their allegations and financial connections with terrorist groups such as Al-nusra in Syria, Hamas in Gaza, and Brotherhood in Egypt. Although Qatar is on denies side, they supported the US against the ISIS in Syria and Iraq.

In addition, GCC has accuses the Qatar to have good relations with Shia-Iran and being under Iran region influences, since Saudi seen Iran their to control their stability and security of this region. Qatar has share the South Pars (northern dome field) the largest natural gas field with Iran.

Qatar at the time “the Arab spring” was supporting this movement particularly because of the Brotherhood organization governed by the Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi.

The disagreement between the Qatar and Saudi has a longer history, particularly after the bloodless palace coup emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani against his own father in 1995 a Saudi ally, current Emir of Qatar Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani as his father has stood against Saudi hegemony in Qatar and the region.

Consequently, actors in the region and world has divided for showing their diplomatic reactions, since Russia, and Europeans have called for negotiation and dialogue, the US president, Egypt and King of Jordan has sided with King Salman, and state officials such as German foreign minister Gabriel has criticized Trump for the current disputes but later Washington announced support for mediation, on the other side Turkey, and Iran have backed Qatar in disputes with Other Arab states. States like India see this dispute as an internal matter.

The views and opinions expressed in some articles are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position or editorial policy of Young Diplomats magazine.

You live in a war zone and you ever wondered what was life in other countries? Everyone like to live in a peaceful and happy nation, Right? The Global Peace Index (GPI) report from the Institute of Economics and Peace shows the relative level of peace in 162 countries. They ranked the countries based on 22 different indicators, including level of violent crime, relations with neighbouring countries, the absence of war, contribution to U.N peace keeping mission, schooling…etc.. The low GPI index score indicates more peaceful countries. Followings list of 10 most peaceful countries in the world.

1.  Iceland According to Global Peace Index for the year 2017, Iceland is the most peaceful country to live.The country has high level democracy, gender equality and low incarceration. The literacy rate in the country is 99% and there is no tuition fee for education. The Icelanders are also one of well-informed people in the world. They are also top in reading literacy and book publication.There is female presence in politics, education, health and employment in Iceland. It is also the first European country to elect a female President, Vigdis Finnbogadottir became the fourth President of Iceland in 1980. Iceland is also free from mosquitoes because they can’t thrive in Icelandic conditions.
2. DenmarkDenmark is a least corrupt and happiest country in the world. The high literacy rate, advanced health care systems, high standard of living and prosperity make Denmark as an exceptionally good country to live in.This Nordic country also ranked among the top countries with gender equality. This implies strong presence of women in political empowerment, health and education in Denmark.The high level social welfare in Denmark promises free education and health care. It helps the Danes to achieve work-life balance due to high taxation in the country. The residents of Copenhagen (most populated city in Denmark) prefer to ride bicycles or walking to reach their school or workplace.  It is to make the city carbon-neutral by the year 2025.
3. AustriaThis European country is one of best place to live because the country has very low crime and homicide rate. Austria is also known for its cleanliness and strict recycling law to protect the environment.As by nominal per capital GDP Austria is one of the richest country in the world. The country also has a high standard of living and awesome transportation systems. The beauty and historical architecture of Austria also attracts millions of tourists every year.
4. New Zealand New Zealand has a truly advanced social progress, low incarceration and friendly relation with neighboring countries. There are also strong and independent judiciary system and much committed police force in the country.This safe country also offers world class educational system and advanced health care. The Kiwis also get free or low cost health care from the government in case of sickness or unemployment.
5. SwitzerlandThe clean cities, low crime rate and high quality food make Switzerland as one of the happiest countries to live in. Switzerland has top-notch educational and healthcare system.Undoubtedly, such system help to improve the talent of the people.The salary rate in the country is high and the tax rate is relatively low. Switzerland is also one of the best tax havens in the world.Switzerland is also one of top greenest countries in the world. The Swiss commonly prefer renewable energy sources and eco-friendly products. The country also has extensive cycling routes.
6. FinlandFinland is a least corrupt country in the world. The strong legal framework in the country maintains government accountability and openness. The military force of Finland only takes part in UN’s peacekeeping missions.Finland ranks in top level for education and gender equality. The country demands no fee for any level of education. The Finns are also high performers in reading, mathematics and science. The maternal mortality rate is also very low in the country.
7.  CanadaThe Canadian government considered the security of citizens as one of the core elements of a good nation. The country has very low homicide and crime rate. According to the report of the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) Canada has a life satisfaction score of 7.6 out of 10.Canada is also one of top educated countries in the world. The percentage of tertiary education population of the country is 52.6%. 

   The voter turnout percentage in Canada is 61%. This data indicate Canadians trust in their government. The government also abolished the capital punishment in 1976. The unemployment rate in Canada is also very low, just 6.6%.

8.  JapanThe technologically advanced Japan is also well known for peace keeping in the society. The rate of violent crime and homicide are very low in the country. Japan only has a defense force for internal security and has no professional military force at all. Japan also keeps a cordial relationship with the neighboring countries.Japan is also the third largest economy in the world by nominal GDP (US$5960180 millions). Japan also has an awesome transportation system. The passenger transportation in Japan mainly relies on railways. The bullet trains in Japan can achieve a maximum speed of 350 km/hr. The average delay time of trains in this country is just 10-16 seconds.
9.  AustraliaAustralia is a land of opportunities, good weather, efficient infrastructure, world class educational system and natural wonders.Thankfully, the rate of robbery, sexual assault and homicide in Australia is very low. So, you can roam around the country without any fear. As Australia has a multi-cultural population, you won’t feel like a stranger in this country.Australia is a perfect destination for job seekers, students and tourists. This economically powerful country offers many job opportunities. The world renowned Australian cities including Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane provide every kind of services for you. The mass migration to Australia indicate all these factors.

   The voter turnout rate in Australia is very high (more than 93%). It shows how trustworthy the Australian government is. It is also one of least corrupt countries in the world. In addition to all these Australia is also free from pollution and has very good water quality.

10.  Czech RepublicCzech Republic is a small landlocked European country which shares borders with Austria, Germany, Slovakia and Poland. Tourism is the main industry in the Czech Republic. Prague, the beautiful capital city of the Czech Republic is one of the most visited cities in Europe.You don’t have to worry about violence or robbery if you are planning to visit the Czech Republic. Because, the crime rates in the country is very low. To ensure the safety of the foreigners there is also efficient emergency services

    Due to the massive migration of the foreigner, the Czech Republic has a diverse population. As a result, you can see a wide variety of restaurants and bars throughout the country. Your pleasant journey across this country is promised with the cheap and safe public transportation system.

The Kurds who are widely considered to be the most enormous population without a state have today caught the attention of the world, in particular the west as well as the superpowers.

They are located in the Middle East and were distributed by the former British and French colonial powers in the aftermath of the world war one. Iraq, Syria, Iran and Turkey are the four countries to whom Kurdistan were given to.

Fortunately, there exists an autonomous Kurdistan in Iraqi Kurdistan possessing its own government, parliament and president.  Stephan Mansfield who is a New York Times bestselling author in his TEDx speech (The Kurds, the most famous unknown people in the world)  mentioned the fact that Winston Churchill and his two other colleagues forgot this nation when they were demarcating the map in the Middle East after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Thereby, the Kurds throughout the entire twentieth century up until now have always thrived, fought, sacrificed in making a state for themselves or at least making the foundation of the state and fortunately they are close to it now.

The Peshmergas and YPG (Kurds) successfully pushed back ISIS

Jean Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1689) who was a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler and traveled to most of the world , visited Kurdistan and has been to most of it. He in his book understood the Kurds to be:  “naturally dreaming of freedom, and independence, a working and skilled nation, and they know how to coordinate their own business and choose what is right and wrong.” (Shkur Mustafa, Kurd & Kurdistan).

However, the bravery of this nation does not end here! Taimur lang (1336-1405) who was a Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of Timurid Empire, a man whom had no mercy and passion for anybody, and whom most of people were scared of noticed the presence and prominence of the Kurds  in his book. Taimur lang(tamerlane), wrote in his book that while he was in Iran, he got to meet a few personnel whom he had never seen before for he was not able to figure out where were they from. He furthermore wrote that they approached and told him they were Kurds. Based on his terms, he surprised on the way those few guys looked at his eyes with no fear which is as he considers unique for people were even able to look at him straight in the eye. Tamerlane exposed that their daring and bravery have attracted me and asked them to come to my army which was an honor to be in such army, but the Kurds as He indicated  refused to do so and accordingly delivered the message to this conquer that they want to manage their own affairs rather than to be reigned under others!

In 2014 and within the proximity of Islamic state in Iraq and Syria to the Kurdistan region (Iraqi Kurdistan), The Kurds demonstrated their role in battling ISIS. ISIS who since the winter of 2014 had control over a large population of two cities in Iraq were continually fought by Iraqi army but could not be defeated.

Conversely, within their approach to the Kurdistan region and in a matter of hours, Kurdish forces (peshmarga), with the cooperation of the US airstrikes, successfully pushed back ISIS which was an unprecedented achievement and caught the attention of the senior world press and global media outlets. Indeed, Most of the US presidential candidates referred to the Kurds with respect to their military strategies in fighting and eradicating ISIS.

Donald Trump, the elected president of the United States of America has often referred to this nation and based on his terms, his military strategy in eradicating ISIS in Iraq and Syria would be within the cooperation and coordination of the Kurdish forces. “ we should be arming the Kurds, they have proven to be the best fighters, they have to be the most loyal to us, and as far as I am concerned I did not know that national had a large population” (Donald Trump, 2015).

Finally, the unity of the Kurds concerning the liberation of kobane, a Kurdish populated city in Syrian Kurdistan is another incident to know the Kurds. This city was two years ago under the control of ISIS for over 130 days. John Kerry, the US. Secretary of state marked in his speech that liberating Kobane is a hard task and it required much time to roll ISIS back from the city. Noteworthy, Kurdish forces from all over Kurdistan got united, fought ISIS and kicked them out of the city which was an occurrence unexpected by the international coalition against ISIS and the world.

I am not nationalist, but as a Kurd, I regard writing it as such as much needed for we are the only nation whom we were disadvantaged of giving a state after the end of the world war one despite of all what we have achieved not only in defending ourselves but in defending the free world and fighting the most radical terrorist organization on behalf of the world.

About the Author : this article was written by Ramiar Jamal, a master student majoring in international politics studying in Italy. Ramiar is a Young Diplomats contributor.